Classic Car Wiki

Introduction to Renault

Renault is one of the oldest and most influential automobile manufacturers in the world. Founded in France in the late 19th century, the company has been at the forefront of innovation in car design, motorsport, and mass mobility. With a diverse portfolio ranging from small city cars to electric vehicles and Formula 1 racers, Renault has played a vital role in shaping the global automotive landscape.

Founding and Early Years (1898–1914)

Renault was founded in 1899 by three brothers: Louis, Marcel, and Fernand Renault. Louis was the engineering genius behind the company, while his brothers managed the business side. The first car, the Renault Voiturette 1CV, was built in 1898 and quickly impressed with its performance and mechanical innovation — including a direct-drive gearbox.

Early Innovation and Motorsport

Renault was among the first companies to see the value of motorsport as a marketing tool. The brothers entered their vehicles in races, earning early fame and credibility. Tragically, Marcel Renault died in the 1903 Paris-Madrid race, but the company’s involvement in motorsports continued.

Pre-War Expansion

Before World War I, Renault expanded rapidly. The company built taxis, buses, and commercial vehicles, and became a major industrial force in France. The iconic Renault AG1 “Taxi de la Marne” played a key role in transporting French troops during the war, further cementing the brand in the national consciousness.

Interwar Period and Industrial Growth (1919–1939)

After the war, Renault continued to grow, producing a wide range of vehicles including luxury cars, tractors, and even tanks. Louis Renault ran the company with a firm hand, turning it into one of the largest manufacturers in Europe.

Technical Innovation

Renault pioneered many technologies during this time, including hydraulic shock absorbers and closed-body cars. The company’s design philosophy leaned toward conservative engineering but practical innovation.

Popular Models

• Renault 6CV – An affordable family car in the 1920s.
• Reinastella – A luxury V8 flagship model launched in 1929.

World War II and Nationalization (1939–1945)

During World War II, Renault’s factories were seized by the German army and used to produce vehicles for the Nazis. The facilities were heavily bombed by Allied forces. After the war, Louis Renault was arrested on charges of collaboration and died in prison under controversial circumstances.

Nationalization of Renault

In 1945, the French government nationalized Renault, creating Régie Nationale des Usines Renault. It became the first nationalized car manufacturer in France and would remain under state control until the 1990s.

Post-War Boom and the 4CV (1945–1960s)

The first major post-war success for Renault was the Renault 4CV, a small, economical family car developed in secret during the German occupation. It debuted in 1947 and became France’s first mass-produced car, selling over a million units.

Other Key Models

• Renault Dauphine – A stylish compact car that found success both in France and abroad.
• Renault Estafette – A versatile light commercial van introduced in 1959.

Export and Growth

Renault began exporting vehicles around the world, expanding into Latin America, Africa, and Europe. By the late 1950s, it was one of the largest car manufacturers in the world.

The Iconic Renault 4 and Renault 16 (1960s–1970s)

Renault continued its momentum with innovative and versatile vehicles.

Renault 4 (1961)

A rugged, practical hatchback designed for utility and comfort, the Renault 4 was a success across generations and regions. It remained in production for over 30 years with more than 8 million units sold.

Renault 16 (1965)

The Renault 16 introduced the concept of a large, family-oriented hatchback. It won the European Car of the Year award in 1966 and set the tone for modern car design.

Global Expansion

Renault continued to grow its global reach by establishing factories and partnerships in countries like Argentina, Turkey, and Romania (where it helped create the Dacia brand).

Partnerships, Motorsport, and Innovation (1970s–1980s)

Renault became increasingly involved in motorsports, while also experimenting with technology and business models.

Formula 1

Renault entered Formula 1 in 1977 with its own team and became the first to use a turbocharged engine in the sport. The Renault F1 team went on to achieve great success, especially in the 2000s.

Popular Models

• Renault 5 – A compact hatchback introduced in 1972 that became a European bestseller.
• Renault 18 – A versatile midsize car aimed at global markets.
• Renault Fuego – A stylish coupe aimed at the growing youth market.

Innovation

Renault pioneered safety features, front-wheel drive layouts, and was among the first to introduce multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) with the launch of the Renault Espace in 1984 — a concept that influenced the global minivan segment.

Privatization and the Renault-Nissan Alliance (1990s–2000s)

In 1996, the French government privatized Renault. Shortly after, the company began a strategic expansion through partnerships and alliances.

Renault-Nissan Alliance (1999)

Renault purchased a significant stake in Nissan, forming the Renault-Nissan Alliance, later joined by Mitsubishi. Under Carlos Ghosn’s leadership, the alliance became one of the largest automotive groups in the world.

Key Models

• Renault Clio – A best-selling compact car that won European Car of the Year twice.
• Renault Mégane – A popular family car with multiple body styles.
• Renault Laguna – A premium offering with a focus on comfort and technology.

Electric Revolution and Modern Era (2010–Present)

Renault has been at the forefront of the electric vehicle (EV) movement, especially in Europe.

Renault Z.E. Program

Renault launched the Zero Emissions (Z.E.) range with cars like:

• Renault Zoe – One of Europe’s best-selling electric cars.
• Renault Twizy – A two-seat electric city car.
• Renault Kangoo Z.E. – An electric van for commercial users.

Recent Developments

Renault continues to develop hybrid and electric models while also reinventing classic nameplates. The company is investing in autonomous driving, connectivity, and sustainable mobility as part of its strategic plan for the future.

Legacy and Cultural Impact

Renault has left a profound mark on the automotive industry with its innovations in design, engineering, and mobility. From creating the modern hatchback to pioneering EVs and MPVs, Renault has consistently pushed boundaries.

Global Reach

Renault sells cars in over 130 countries and operates production facilities around the world. Its influence is felt across every segment of the auto industry.

Conclusion

Renault’s history is one of resilience, innovation, and adaptability. From early racing cars to electric vehicles and advanced safety features, Renault continues to be a leader in automotive evolution. As it moves further into the electric and digital age, Renault’s commitment to mobility, sustainability, and technology ensures its place at the forefront of the global automotive landscape.